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1990s uprising in Bahrain
The 1990s uprising in Bahrain ((アラビア語:الانتفاضة التسعينية في البحرين)) also known as the uprising of dignity ((アラビア語:انتفاضة الكرامة)) was an uprising in Bahrain between 1994 and 1999 in which leftists, liberals and Islamists joined forces to demand democratic reforms. The uprising caused approximately forty deaths and ended after Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa became the Emir of Bahrain in 1999〔("Country Profiles Bahrain" ) The Arab Center for the Development of the Rule of Law and Integrity Retrieved 2010-12-01〕 and a referendum on 14–15 February 2001 massively supported the National Action Charter.〔 The uprising resulted in the deaths of around 40 civilians and at least one Bahraini soldier.〔("التحالف الوطني ضد الإرهاب يزور أسر شهداء الواجب" ). Bahrain News Agency. 23 April 2011. Retrieved on 23 June 2012〕
==Background==
In 1971, Bahrain became independent from Britain and in 1973 the country had its first parliamentary election. However, two years later the constitution was suspended and the assembly dissolved by the late Amir, Isa bin Salman al-Khalifa after it rejected the State Security Law. The act also known as "the precautionary law" was proposed by Ian Henderson. It gave police wide arresting powers and allowed individuals to be held in prison without trial or charge for up to three years for mere suspicion "that they might be a threat to the state". Starting in August 1975, widespread arrests were conducted including members of the dissolved parliament. The "ruthless system of repression" launched by Henderson lasted for over twenty five years. Repeated allegations of systematic torture, arbitrary arrests of thousands and assassinations made by opposition activists and human rights groups were denied by Henderson who said he "has never been involved in torture nor has he ever ordered his officers to torture those who have been arrested".〔Adam Curtis (11 May 2012). ("If you take my advice - I'd repress them" ). BBC News. Retrieved 27 June 2012.〕
In 1992, a petition signed by 280 society leaders, including some of the dissolved parliament members called for the restoration of the national assembly. Initially, the government set up a thirty-member appointed "Shura council" assigned with "commenting" on government proposed legislation. Another petition the following month concluded that the newly formed council "does not replace the national assembly as a constitutional and legislative authority". A delegation of six members, half Sunnis and half Shias representing petition organizers met with the Amir who told them Shura council "was all () could expect".〔("Routine Abuse, Routine Denial: Civil Rights and the Political Crisis in Bahrain" ). Human Rights Watch. UNHCR. 1 January 2006. Retrieved 19 July 2012.〕
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